The Atlas of Irish Mathematics: Dublin before 1800 (Dec 2020)
Our 22nd bi-monthly blog with "county or regional Irish focus" highlights mathematical people associated with Dublin, pre 1800. This follows on blogs on Donegal, Wexford, Armagh, Limerick, Westmeath, Mayo, Belfast, Wicklow, Kerry, Galway, Monaghan, Tipperary, Sligo, Carlow, Down, Cork, Cavan, Laois (formerly Queen's County), Meath and Leitrim. There is, of course, overlap with the Mathematical Professorships at Trinity College Dublin blog from Nov 2019. Of the men holding such positions, from the period in question, 9 had also been Donegall Lecturers of maths; a further 16 such are documented below.
We have left Dublin "last" (among cities to highlight) for several reasons, first favouring people associated with Limerick (in Dec 2017), Belfast (before 1900, in June 2018), Galway (before 1900, in Dec 2018) and Cork (up to 1900, in Dec 2019).
Dublin is so much larger than any of those, and has produced a considerable number of maths people. Obviously, it will require several blogs to account for even the "key people". Hence this month we only go up to 1800: specifically we focus on individuals whose initial university education (or equivalent) was completed by 1799.
Our story starts with Miles Symner (or Sumner), who attended TCD in the 1620s, takes in Narcissus March, Richard Helsham, and George Berkeley, and more or less ends with Bartholomew Lloyd and Franc Sadleir. Our focus, as usual, is mostly confined to "formal" maths studies, instruction and research at the third level. The varied mathematical and astronomical activities engaged in before the 1600s, stretching back to calendar computations and beyond, are beyond our scope here.
"Dublin" of course includes the city and surrounding county, and our aim is to document people who were born there, or worked there. We also include some men who published books there in cases where we have no other geographical anchors for them.
Before 1800, the only third level institution in Dublin was Trinity College Dublin (TCD), the sole college of Dublin University. Graduation from there was then restricted to men of an Anglican persuasion. David Spearman's pioneering "Mathematics at TCD 1592-1992: 400 years of Mathematics" has been a major source for us in compiling the information below, as has extensive correspondence with him over several years. His generosity with his time and expertise knows no bounds.
It must be noted that the TCD grads who are associated with maths or theoretical physics (including optics and mechanics) didn't have degrees specifically in maths--that option wasn't available until 1835. Also, many of them, especially those on the TCD staff, were also well versed in Greek, history, botany, law, theology, medicine or other subjects. Indeed, several of these men taught one or more such subjects in addition to pursuing mathematics in some form. Hence, this month's offering also overlaps a little with the Irish Mathematical Medics blog from last Mar 2020.
Comments, additions and corrections are, as always, welcome. As are more images.
Thanks to David Spearman (TCD), Rod Gow (UCD), Olivia Bree (SPD), Maurice OReilly (SPD/DCU), Luke Drury (DIAS) and DG Rogers for valuable input. Last updated 30 Jan 2021.
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01. Miles Symner (or Sumner, 1610??-1686) was educated at TCD (Scholar 1626, BA 1629?, MA 1634, Fellow 1652, DD 1664), and taught there 1652-1686. He served as the 1st Donegall Lecturer of maths (1675-1685). |
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02. Physician Charles Willoughby (1630?-1694) may have been born in Cork. He was educated briefly at TCD and Cambridge before getting degrees from Oxford (BA 1649, MA 1652) and Padua (medicine 1664). He was a member of the Irish College of Physicians, and a key early member of the Dublin Philosophical Society (to which he contributed papers on maths and physics) and the Royal Society. He practiced as a doctor in Dublin and also taught at TCD, serving as the 3rd Donegall Lecturer in Mathematics 1692-1694. He had a large and important library. |
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03. George Tollet (1635?-1719) was born in Dublin and is believed to have been self educated (despite what Wikipedia says). He was a founder member and treasurer of the Dublin Philosophical Society, where he presented papers on applied maths. From 1688 on, he was a naval administrator in England. |
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04. Narcissus Marsh (1638-1713) was born 20 December in Hannington, Wiltshire, England, and was educated at Oxford (Magdalen BA 1658). His career was mostly spent as a clergyman, first in England, and later in both Ireland and England. In between, he served as provost at TCD (1679-1683), and during his time there he promoted the study of Irish. He was an early member of the Dublin Philosophical Society. He enjoyed research in mathematics, dynamics and acoustics, and is credited with coining the word microphone in 1683. Dublin's library named after him was set up in 1707, at his own expense. Wikipedia / TCD / Library / 1998 Overview |
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05. William Molyneux (1656-1698) was born 17 April in Dublin, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1678, BA 1674, MA 1692). He also studied law in London, then returned to Dublin where he held administrative positions. He also pursued scientific explorations, and published on optics, philosophy, and politics. He founded the Dublin Philosophical Society in 1683, invented a type of sundial a few years later, and published the book Dioptrica Nova in 1692. |
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06. St George Ashe (1657-1718) was born 3 March in Castle Strange, Rocommon, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1674, BA 1676, MA & Fellow 1679, BD 1687, DD 1692). He was the 2nd Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1685-1692), then served as provost (1692), and later as vice-chancellor (1701). From 1695 on, he also held appointments as bishop of Cloyne, Clogher, and Derry, in turn. |
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07. Edward Smyth (or Smith, 1662??-1720) was born in Lisburn, Antrim, and as educated at TCD (Scholar 1678, BA 1681, MA & Fellow 1684, LLB 1687, BD 1694, DD 1696). He was active in the Dublin Philosophical Society. He spent 5 years in Greece and Turkey, then became the 4th Donegall Lecturer in Maths (1694-1696) at TCD, and in 1697 became pro-chancellor there. He also served as Dean of St Patrick's, and in 1699 he became Bishop of Down & Clogher. |
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08. Claud Gilbert (1670-1743) was born in Belfast, Antrim, and was educated at TCD (BA 1691, MA & Fellow 1693, BD, DD & LLD 1706). He was the 5th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1696-1723), was appointed vice provost in 1716, and became prof of divinity in 1722. From 1735 on he was a clergyman in Tyrone. |
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09. Jonathan Hill was a maths teacher in Fishamble St in 1701, and was still in Dublin in 1712. Not much else is known about him.
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10. Solomon Grisdale (1674-1764?) is believed to have been born in Borrowscale, Cumberland, England. He too was a maths teacher in Fishamble St in 1701. Not much else is known about him.
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11. Charles Phipps (1675??-??) is only known via his book Doctrine of Vulgar and Decimal Fractions (1745), in which he notes that he had been teaching in Dublin for over 50 years. He taught in his house in Digges St. |
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12. Mathematician, physician, academic and author Bryan Robinson (1680-1754) spent most of his career in Dublin; his father was from Yorkshire. Information about his birth and early education is unknown, but in 1704 he published a translation of Philippe de La Hire's Nouveaux elemens des sections coniques (1679) as New Elements of Conick Sections: Together with a Method for Their Description On a Plane. He then attended TCD (BD 1709, MD 1711), as a student of Richard Helsham, subsequently teaching anatomy and medicine there for decades, being regius Professor of physic from 1745. He was closely associated with both the College of Physicians of Ireland (serving as its president three times) and Dr Steeven's Hospital in Dublin. His other book of interest to us was Richard Helsham’s A Course of Lectures in Natural Philosophy (1739). |
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13. Philip Ronayne (1683-1755) was probably born in Cork, being associated with Marino house (near present day Cobh golf club). His 400-page book A Treatise on Algebra in Two Books: The First Treating of the Arithmetical, and |
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14. Mathematician and physician Richard Helsham (1683-1738) was born in Leggetsrath, Kilkenny, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1700, BA 1702, Fellow 1704, MA 1705, MD 1713, Senior Fellow 1714). He was the 6th Donegall Lecturer of Maths (1723-1730) and served as the inaugural Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1724-1738). He was also regius professor of physic (1733-1738) and was a renowned practicing physician. His influential Lectures on Natural Philosophy book was published posthumously (1739). |
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15. Philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753) was born on 12 March in Castle Dysert, near Thomastown, Kilkenny. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1702, BA 1704, MA & Fellow 1707, BD & DD 1722). He taught Greek there briefly, and published extensively about philosophy and physics, also writing an influential critique of the foundations of calculus. His last two decades were spent as the Bishop of Cloyne. Berkeley in California is named after him (though pronounced differently). |
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16. Robert Steell (???-1726) is remembered as the author of 1723 book A Treatise on Conic Sections published in Dublin. Very little is known about him.
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17. Samuel Fuller (??-1736) is known only through his books A Mathematical Miscellany in Four Parts (1730) and Practical Astronomy (1732), published by his own(?) Quaker publishing house in Dublin.
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18. John Brien was listed (as "J.B.") as a teacher of mathematics in Cork in his 1719 book A Tutor to Arithmetic (published in Dublin by G. Bennett). |
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| 19. Robert Shaw Macon (1696??-1752) was alleged to be teaching maths at TCD 1734. | |
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20. Caleb Cartwright (1696?-1763) was born in Cork, and was educated at TCD (BA 1720, MA 1723, Fellow 1724, DD 1735). He was the10th Donegall Lecturer of Maths (1735-1738), and was then appointed the 2nd Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1738-1743). Following that he resigned from TCD and spent the rest of his life as a clergyman. |
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21. Lambert Hughes (1698-1771) was born in Wexford and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1717, BA 1719, MA & Fellow 1722, BD 1730, DD 1737). He was the 8th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1731-1734) and also Archbishop King's lecturer of divinity. In 1739, he was expelled from the college over a scandal. From 1741 on, he was a clergyman in Kildare and Louth, also serving as chancellor of Christ Church in Dublin. |
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22. Charles Stuart (1698-1746) was born 10 July, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1716, BA 1717, MA & Fellow 1720, BD & Senior Fellow 1730, DD 1732). He was the 7th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1730-1731) and also(?) served as vice provost. From 1738 on, he was the rector of Clonfeacle on the Armagh/Tyrone border. |
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23. Robert Shawe (1699?-1752) was born in Mulpit, near Athenry, Galway, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1717, BA 1719, MA & Fellow 1722, BD & Senior Fellow 1730, DD 1734). He was the 9th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1734-1735), prof of oratory & history (1732-1738), regius prof of laws (1740-1743), and also served as vice-provost (1734-1744). From 1743 on, he was the rector of Ardstraw, Tyrone. |
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24. Jacob Walton (1700-1743) is also known mainly for his extensive engagement in print with Barkeley above. Very little else is known about him. |
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25. John Pellisier (or Pelisier or Pellishiere, 1703-1781) was born in Clonygown, Queen's County (Laois), and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1721, BA 1723, MA 1726, Fellow 1727, DD 1738). He was the 11th Donegall Lecturer of maths (1738-1747), also lecturing in divinity, and serving as bursar, and then vice provost (1747-1753). From 1753 on, he was rector of Ardstraw, Tyrone. |
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26. Botanist, mathematician and doctor William Clement (1707-1782) was born in Carrickmacross, Monaghan, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1724, BA 1726, MA 1731, Fellow 1731, MB 1747, MD 1748). He first taught botany, then was appointed the 3rd Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1745-1759), and the 13th Donegall Lecturer in Maths (1750-1759). He later taught medicine for 20 years, and served as Vice-Provost. |
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27. John Whittingham (1712-1778) was born in Wicklow, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1730, BA 1732, MA 1735, Fellow 1736, BD & DD 1747). He was the 12th Donegall Lecturer of maths (1747-1750), and also regius prof of laws (1749-1750). From 1753 on, he was rector of Conwall, in Donegal. |
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28. Theaker Wilder (1717-1777) was born in Castle Wilder, Abbeyshrule, Longford and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1736, BA 1738, MA 1741, Fellow 1744, BD 1748, DD 1753). He was the 14th Donegall lecturer of maths (1759-1760), then the inaugural regius prof of Greek. He also served as college librarian and senior registrar. In personality, he may have lived up to his name, e.g., see his run-in with Oliver Goldsmith. |
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29. John Stokes (1720–1781) was born in Dublin, and educated at TCD (BA 1740, MA 1743, Fellow 1746, BD 1752, DD 1755). He was the 15th Donegall Lecturer of Maths (1760-1762) and the inaugural Erasmus Smith's Professor of Maths (1762–1764). After another year as prof of Greek, he retired and lived out his days as a rector in Donegal. Gabriel Stokes below was his younger brother. |
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30. John Gough (1721-1791) was born in Kendal, Westmoreland, England, and taught at various Quaker schools in England and in the south of Ireland before becoming headmaster at the Friends' School in Dublin (1752-1774). His books include A Treatise of Arithmetic in Theory and Practice (1759) and Practical Arithmetick in Four Books (1767). |
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31. Richard Murray (1725?-1799) was born in Down and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1745, BA 1747, MA & Fellow 1750, BD 1759, DD 1762). He spent his entire career there, including terms as the 16th Donegall Lecturer (1762-1764) and the 2nd Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths (1764-1795). He also served as Librarian and Provost. He authored the book Artis logicæ compendium (1773), which appeared in translation in 1805 as Murray's Compendium of Logic. |
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32. Thomas Wilson (1726-1799) was born somewhere in Donegal, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1746, BA 1748, MA & Fellowship 1753, DD 1758, Senior Fellow 1767), where he was in the same class as Oliver Goldsmith. He was the 5th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1769-1786) and Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity (1785), following which he became the rector of Ardstraw (Tyrone). |
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33. Hugh Hamilton (1729-1805) was born 26 March in Balrothery, Dublin. He was educated at TCD (BA 1747, MA 1750, Fellow 1751, BD 1759, DD 1762), where he started his career, serving as the 4th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1759-1769). His 1858 book Sectionibus Conicis: Tractatus Geometricus was praised by Euler and was adopted for use in many British universities. From 1864 on he became increasingly active in church matters, first in Armagh, and he was later bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh (Galway), and then of Ossory (Kilkenny). He was also a charter member of the Royal Irish Academy. He was third great-grand-father of John L. Synge. |
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34. Gabriel Stokes (1732-1806, younger brother of John above) was born in Dublin, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1751, BA 1753, MA & Fellow 1756, LLD 1761, BD & DD 1770). Whitley Stokes below was his son. |
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35. Henry Dabzac (1737-1790) was born in Minorca, and grew up there and in Dublin. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1678, BA 1757, MA & Fellow 1760, BD 1767, DD 1772, Senior Fellow 1775). He was the 17th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1764-1769), Archbishop King's lecturer (1773 & 1779), regius prof of Greek (1775–1778), prof of modern history (1778–1790), and regius prof of laws (1779–1782). He also served as the college librarian (1785-1790). |
| 36. Gerald Fitzgerald (1739?-1819) was educated at TCD (Scholar 1761, BA 1763, MA & Fellow 1766, BD 1775, DD 1778). He was the 19th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1770-1782), regius prof of laws (1784), prof of Hebrew (1790). He also served as the vice provost. From 1806 on ... | |
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37. Daniel Dowling is known mostly for his book Mercantile Arithmetic (1768). He also authored a volume on Italian bookkeeping.
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38. Henry Ussher (1741-1790) was born in Dunganstown, near Arklow, Wicklow. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1759, BA 1761, MA & Fellow 1764, BD & DD 1779, Senior Fellow 1781), where he was the 18th Donegall Lecturer of Mathematics (1769-1770). He was appointed the inaugural Andrews Professor of Astronomy (1783-1790), and personally planned and coordinated the construction and instrumentation of Dunsink Observatory on the outskirts of Dublin. |
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39. William Hales (also Guil Hales, 1747-1831) was born 8 April in Cork city, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1767, BA & Fellow 1769, MA 1772, BD 1779, DD 1784). He published a study of Newton's theory of sounds and another of Newton's theory on the motions of the planets. In addition to numerous non-mathematical books he authored Analysis Æquationum (1784), which Lagrange admired. He was professor of Hebrew (1782-1787) at TCD and spent the rest of his life as a clergyman in Cavan. |
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40. Matthew Young (1750-1800) was born 3 October in Castlerea, Roscommon, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1769, BA 1772, MA 1774, Fellow 1775, BD 1782, DD 1786). His career was mostly spent at TCD, where he was the 20th Donegall Lecturer in Mathematics (1782-1886), and then the 6th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1786-1799), then regius professor of Greek (1799). He published the books An Enquiry into the Principal Phenomena of Sounds and Musical Strings (1784), and An Analysis of the Principles of Natural Philosophy (1800). In 1798 he was made a bishop of Clonfert (Galway). |
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41. Digby Marsh (1750??-1791) was educated at TCD (Scholar 1772, BA 1774, Fellow 1776, MA 1777, BD 1785, DD 1790). He was the 21st Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1786-1790), and also professor of modern history. He also served as the college registrar. |
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42. George Hall (1753–1811) was born in Northumberland, England, but grew up in Dublin. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1773, BA 1775, Fellow 1777, MA 1778, BD 1786, DD & Senior Fellow 1790), and spent the greater part of his career there. For over two decades he was professor of Divinity, Greek, and History, and was the 4th Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths (1799-1800). He then retired to work as a clergyman but returned to serve as Provost (1806-1811). He was appointed bishop of Dromore (Down) a few days before his death. |
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43. John Stack (1760-1813) was born in county Cork, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1780, BA 1782, Fellow 1784, MA 1786, BD & DD 1803). He authored the textbook A Short System of Optics (1787), became secretary of the Royal Irish Academy, and in 1790 almost became the 2nd Andrews Professor of Astronomy at TCD, losing to John Brinkley. He was also an associate of Wolfe Tone. From 1791 on he was a clergyman in Fermanagh. |
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44. Thomas Elrington (1760–1835) was born 18 December in Dublin, and was educated at TCD (BA 1780, MA 1785, DD 1795). He was the 22nd Donegall Lecturer in Maths (1790-1795), the 3rd Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths (1795–1799), and then the 7th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1799-1807). He was Provost (1811-1820), and then became bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe (1820-1822), and later bishop of Ferns and Leighlin (1822-1935). His books include Euclidis Elementorum Sex Libri Priores, Cum Notis (1789), which ran to at least 10 editions. |
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45. Physician and mathematician Whitley Stokes (1763-1845) was born in April in either Dublin or Waterford town (he was baptised in Dublin that May). His father was Gabriel Stokes above. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1781, BA 1783, MA & Fellow 1789, MB & MD 1793, Senior Fellow 1805). He also studied medicine in Edinburgh. He was the 23rd Donegall Lecturer of Maths (1795-1800) at TCD (1795-1800), King's Professor of the Practice of Medicine (1798-1811), lecturer in natural history (1816-?), chair of medicine at RCSI 1819-1828, and regius prof of physic back at TCD (1830-1840, succeeded by his son). Early in his career, he was a friend of Wolfe Tone, an association that resulted in his being suspended for 3 years. In 1814 he funded an English-Irish dictionary. |
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46. Robert Phipps (sometimes Phibbs, 1765?-1844) was born in Sligo and was educated at TCD (Scholar BA 1791, MA & Fellow 1684, LLB & LLD 1799). He was the 24th Donegall Lecturer of maths there (1800-1807), also lecturing in law and Greek. He served as college registrar in the 1830s.
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47. William Magee (1766–1831) was born 18 March in Enniskillen, Fermanagh. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1884, BA 1786, MA 1789, BD 1797, DD 1801). He was the 5th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Maths (1800–1812), and also taught divinity and Greek. From 1812 onwards he was a clergyman, eventually serving as bishop of Raphoe (Donegal). and finally as Archbishop of Dublin. |
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48. Astronomer John Brinkley (1766-1835) was born in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, and was educated at Cambridge (Gonville and Caius, senior wrangler BA 1788, MA 1791). He was appointed the 2nd Andrews Professor of Astronomy (1790-1827) at TCD, which carried with it the new title of Royal Astronomer of Ireland (at Dunsink), after a contentious vote. In 1896, TCD awarded him DD. From 1826 on, he served as bishop of Cloyne. He published papers and books in maths and astronomy, and was also president of the Royal Irish Academy. |
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49. John Walker (1768-1833) was born in January in Roscommon, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1788, BA 1790, Fellow 1791, MA 1793, BD 1800). He was Donnelan lecturer in 1799, but in 1804 he parted company from TCD on doctrinal grounds. He spearheaded his own religious movement, supporting himself by tutoring. From 1819 till shortly before his death he was based in England. His books include a translation of Richard Murray's 1773 Artis logicæ compendium as A Familiar Commentary on the Compendium of Logic (1805), The First, Second and Sixth Books of Euclid's Elements (1808), The Philosophy of Arithmetic (1812) and Euclid's Elements of Plane Geometry (1827). A man of the same name, believed to be older, was teaching classics and mathematics at Usher’s Island in 1788. |
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50. William Davenport (1772–1824) was born in Dublin, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1791, BA 1792, Fellow 1795, MA 1796, DD 1808). He was the 8th Erasmus Smith's Professor of Natural & Experimental Philosophy (1807-1822), and also lectured in divinity. He was a keen astronomer, and served as a clergyman at the end of his life. |
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51. Bartholomew Lloyd (1772-1837) was born 5 February in New Ross, Wexford. He was educated at TCD (Scholar 1790, BA 1792, MA & Fellowship 1796, BD 1805, DD 1808), and spent his entire career there. Starting in 1813, when he was appointed the 6th Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths, he implemented radical changes in the methods of teaching mathematics, including the introduction of the calculus to the curriculum. In 1822, he became the 9th Erasmus Smith's Prof of Natural & Experimental Philosophy, a position he held until becoming provost (1831-1837). At various points he also was Donnellan Lecturer, regius prof of Greek and Archbishop King's lecturer of divinity. He wrote several books. |
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52. James Wilson (1774?–1829) was born in Dublin and was educated at TCD (BA 1794, MA & Fellow 1800, BD & DD 1811). He served as the 25th Donegall Lecturer of Maths (1807-1820) and the 7th Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths (1822-1825). He spent his final years as a clergyman. |
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53. William Mason (1774-1853) was born in Dublin and educated at TCD (BA 1796). He spent most of his career in the civil service, publishing the landmark A Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland in 3 installments (1814, 1816, 1819). |
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54. Franc Sadleir (1775–1851) was born in Tipperary and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1794, BA 1795, MA & Fellow 1805, BD & DD 1813). He spent his entire career there, serving as the 8th Erasmus Smith's Prof of Maths (1825-1835), prof of Greek, and provost. Rare for a TCD man, he was a supporter of Catholic Emancipation. |
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55. Thomas Meredith (1777-1819) was born in Templerany, near Arklow, Wicklow, and was educated at TCD (Scholar 1793, BA 1795, MA & Fellow 1805, BD 1811, DD 1812). While at TCD, his lecturing was held in high regard. The years before his untimely death were spent as a clergyman in Tyrone. Wikiepedia / Cubic / Grave |
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